Other smaller hornbill species, for example the Oriental Pied hornbill, Bushy-crested hornbill and Black hornbill avoid feeding at the same section or level of the fruiting fig tree as Rhinoceros hornbills. It mainly feeds on fruits, but also takes small animals like arthropods, lizards, tree-frogs and bird eggs (Kemp and Boesman 2018). It will eat a variety of fig species and often takes advantage of ripened trees (Zainal Zahari Zainuddin et al. This species occurs in extensive areas of primary lowland and hill forest, extending into tall secondary forest and swamp forests, up to 1,400 m.When foraging, it crosses occasionally disturbed areas and plantations (Poonswad et al. In Sabah and Sarawak, the hornbill is confined to the boundary of forest interior of the Heart of Borneo, and conservation areas of forest plantations (Davies and Payne 1982 Smythies 1999 Tuen 2005 Kemp & Kemp 1974 Sheldon et al. Forests adjacent to oil palm plantations could also support the Rhinoceros hornbills (and other hornbill species), if they still remain sizeable (Pan 1987/88). In Peninsular Malaysia, most of these sites have been identified as Important Hornbill Landscapes (IHL), which are also IBAs and linked to the Central Forest Spine Masterplan for Peninsular Malaysia (Yeap & Perumal, in press). 2000 Choo and Teresa 2001 Norsham and Teresa 2001 Abdul Kadir Abu Hashim 2002 Wells 1999 Yeap & Perumal, in press Wells 1990 Yong et al. Its stronghold remains in large forest complexes and protected areas (Davison 1987 Davison 1995 Lim & Tan 2000 Wells 1999 Chong 1998 Chong 1993 Siti Hawa Yatim 1993 Siti Hawa Yatim et al. It can be found in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak but is absent from the smaller States such as Melaka, Penang and the Federal Territories.
Assuming the recent rate of decline remains constant, the species is projected to decline by 35-40% over the next three generations.īuceros rhinoceros is confined to the Sundaic lowlands of extreme south peninsular Thailand (where it is locally considered to be endangered, and the only suitable habitat is in extensive primary forest in the Hala Bala area ), Sabah, Sarawak and Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan, Sumatra and Java, Indonesia and Brunei (BirdLife International 2001). Since this species has a long generation length, with three generations stretching over 42 years, there is insufficient evidence to calculate the magnitude of reduction over the past three generations. The rate of decline is therefore placed in the band 35-40% over three generations.
Thus, its actual rate of population decline is likely greater than the estimate decline based on forest loss alone, possibly exceeding 35% over three generations. Being largely restricted to primary forests and intolerant of habitat conversion, the species is additionally threatened by hunting. Trend justification An analysis of deforestation between 20 estimated forest loss within the species's range at a rate equivalent to 35% over three generation lengths (42 years) (Tracewski et al. In Sabah, Crocker Range Park and Tawau Hills Park had population densities of 0.94 individuals/km 2 and 5.67 individuals/km 2 respectively (Lakim & Biun 2005). In Sarawak, Upper Baram and Batang Ai National Park had population densities of 0.27 individuals/km 2 (Chin & Jantan 2001) and 0.96 individuals/km 2 (Meredith 1995) respectively. In Kuala Lompat (Krau Wildlife Reserve) the population density was 2 individuals/km 2 (Medway & Wells 1971). In Peninsular Malaysia, Sungai Tekam Forestry Concession (Pahang State) population density was found to be 1.6 groups/km 2 in primary forest and 2.3, 1.8, 1.2, 0.4 groups/km 2 in 0-6 month, 1-2 year, 3-4, 5-6-year-old logged forest respectively (Johns 1987). The species is widespread throughout its range, but occurs at low densities, even in suitable habitat (Poonswad et al. Population justification The population size of this species has not been quantified. The species is thus suspected to undergo a large population reduction over the next three generations. Even though the species is widespread within its range, high hunting pressure is exacerbating the population decline caused by habitat loss. Justification of Red List category This species is largely restricted to extensive tracts of primary evergreen forest within a region experiencing high rates of deforestation.
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